Gum (periodontal) disease is an infection of the tissues surrounding and supporting
the teeth. It is a major cause of tooth loss in adults, but being usually painless, it
tends to go unnoticed.

The gum inflammation is caused mainly by the accumulation of bacterial plaque
below the gumline. Good oral hygiene and regular dental visits are key to preventing
gum disease. If the plaque is not removed by regular brushing and flossing, it
hardens and becomes tartar or calculus. As the tartar develops, it forms a cohesive
bond with the root surface of the tooth. Unremoved bacterial irritants and toxins cause
the gums to become inflamed and tender. The tooth-supporting bone responds to
this inflammation by simply “melting away.”

Tartar can only be removed by the dentist or hygienist through scaling and root
planning. This treatment refers to the polishing of the root surface, and the cleaning
of the surrounding tissues. In many instances, it is the only procedure necessary.
However, in more advanced cases, additional treatments and surgical intervention
may be necessary to repair the gum by operating on soft tissue or the bone itself to
help the healing process.